Closing in on cancer (下)

the greatest excitement is reserved for immunotherapy(免疫疗法), a new approach that has emerged in the past few years. the human immune system is equipped with a set of(一系列的) brakes that cancer cells are able to activate(激活); the first immunotherapy treatment in effect disables the brakes, enabling white blood cells to attack the tumours. it is early days, but in a small subset of patients this mechanism has produced long-term(长期的) remissions that are tantamount to cures. well over 1,000 clinical trials of such treatments are under way, targeting a wide range of different cancers. it is even now possible to reprogram immune cells to fight cancer better by editing their genomes; the first such gene therapy was approved for use in america last month.

 

*reserve:n. 储备,储存;自然保护区;预备队;缄默;[金融] 储备金 vt. 储备;保留;预约 vi. 预订    

foreign reserve:外汇储备

 

*emerge:vi. 浮现;摆脱;暴露  

emerge from:自…出现;从…显露出来

同近义词:

*arise:vi. 出现;上升;起立  

arise attention:引起注意的抱怨

*appear:vi. 出现;显得;似乎;出庭;登场

*occur:vi. 发生;出现;存在

*figure:n. 数字;人物;图形;价格;(人的)体形;画像 vi. 计算;出现;扮演角色 vt. 计算;认为;描绘;象征   

figure out:解决;算出;想出;理解;断定

 

*immune:adj. 免疫的;免于……的,免除的 n. 免疫者;免除者 

immune system:免疫系统

 

*subset:n. [数] 子集;子设备;小团体

 

*mechanism:n. 机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧  

*mechanic:n. 技工,机修工adj. 手工的 

the mechanic  (电影)《机械师》

*manufacture:n. 制造;产品;制造业 vt. 制造;加工;捏造 vi. 制造

 

*remit:vt. 宽恕;免除;减轻;传送;使恢复原状 vi. 汇款;缓和 n. 移交的事物

remit deposit 汇预定金

*remission:n. 缓解;宽恕;豁免   

remission institution:赦免制度

同近义词:

*discharge:vt. 解雇;卸下;放出;免除 vi. 排放;卸货;流出 n. 排放;卸货;解雇

*forgive:vt. 原谅;免除(债务、义务等) vi. 表示原谅

 

*tantamount:adj. 同等的;相当于…的 

tantamount to:相当于

同近义词:

*coequal:n. 同等;同权 adj. 同等的;同权的 = (equal)

 

*clinical:adj. 临床的;诊所的   clinical application临床应用

*clinic:n. 临床;诊所


*genom:n. 基因组,染色体组



yet cancer sufferers need not wait for the therapies of tomorrow to have a better chance of survival today. across rich and poor countries, the survivability(存活率) of cancer varies enormously. men die at far higher rates than women in some countries; in other countries, at similar levels of development, they do comparably well. the five-year survival rate for a set of(一套;一组;一副) three common cancers in america and canada is above 70%; germany achieves 64%, whereas britain manages a mere 52%. disparities exist within countries, too. america does well in its treatment of cancer overall, but suffers extraordinary inequalities in outcomes. the death rate of black american men from all cancers is 24% higher than it is for white males; breast-cancer death rates among blacks are 42% higher than for whites. a diagnosis in rural america is deadlier than one in its cities.

 

*whereas:conj. 然而;鉴于;反之

*extraordinary:adj. 非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的

同近义词:

*remarkable:adj. 卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的

*temporary:adj. 暂时的,临时的 n. 临时工,临时雇员

 

*deadly:adj. 致命的;非常的;死一般的 adv. 非常;如死一般地



practical as well as pioneering

variations between countries are partly a reflection of health-care spending: more than half of patients requiring radiotherapy in low- and middle-income countries do not have access to (有权限,有能力)treatment. but big budgets do not guarantee good outcomes. iceland and portugal(葡萄牙)do not outspend england and denmark(丹麦) on health care as a proportion of gdp, but past studies show wide variation in survivability in all cancers.

 

*pioneer:n. 先锋;拓荒者 vt. 开辟;倡导;提倡 vi. 作先驱

 

*variation:n. 变化;[生物] 变异,变种

*variant:adj. 不同的;多样的 n. 变体;转化

*vary:vi. 变化;变异;违反 vt. 改变;使多样化;变奏  

vary from:不同

*variable:adj. 变量的;可变的;易变的,多变的;变异的,[生物] 畸变的 n. [数] 变量;可变物,可变因素

 

*guarantee:n. 保证;担保;保证人;保证书;抵押品 vt. 保证;担保 

credit guarantee:信用担保   guarantee period:保修期;保质期

*guaranty:n. 保证;抵押;担保物 vt. 保证;担保;抵押(等于guarantee) 

guaranty insurance:保证重疾险比较好的保险担保风险

同近义词:

*certification:n. 证明,保证;检定

*undertake:vt. 承担,保证;从事;同意;试图  

undertake obligations:承担义务

*mortgage:vt. 抵押 n. 抵押  mortgage note 抵押票据抵押借据

*pledge:n. 保证,誓言;抵押;抵押品,典当物 vt. 保证,许诺;用……抵押;举杯祝……健康

pledge oneself:宣誓;保证      cash pledge:押金



instead, the problem is often how money is spent, not how much of it there is. to take one example, a vaccine exists against the human papillomavirus (hpv瘤病毒), which causes cancers of the cervix in women, as well as cancers of the head and neck. rwanda(卢旺达) started a programme of routine vaccination in 2011, and aims to eradicate cervical cancer by 2020. other countries are far less systematic. vaccinations could help prevent cervical cancer in 120,000 indian women each year.

 

*vaccine:n. 疫苗;牛痘苗 adj. 疫苗的;牛痘的

 

*cervix:n. 子宫颈;颈部

*cervical:adj. 颈的;子宫颈的

 

*routine:n. [计] 程序;日常工作;例行公事 adj. 日常的;例行的 

routine inspection:常规检查

 

*eradicate:vt. 根除,根绝;消灭

同近义词:

*destroy:vt. 破坏;消灭;毁坏

*undermine:vt. 破坏,渐渐破坏;挖掘地基 mine:n. 矿,矿藏;vi&vt. 开矿,采矿;埋设

*founder:vi.失败;沉没;倒塌;变跛 vt. 破坏;使摔倒;垮掉 n. 创始人;建立者;翻沙工

*collapse:vi. 倒塌;瓦解;暴跌 vt. 使倒塌,使崩溃;使萎陷;折叠 n. 倒塌;失败;衰竭



policymakers are not powerless. more can be done to verify which treatments (and combinations thereof) work best. a £1.3bn ($2bn) cancer-drug(制癌药物) fund in england, which made expensive new medicines easier to obtain, did not assess the efficacy of the drugs it provided—a huge missed opportunity. measuring the incidence and survival of cancer, through cancer registries, spotlights where patients are being failed. access to health care matters, too: the number of americans whose cancers were diagnosed at the earliest possible opportunity went up after obamacare(奥巴马医疗改革)was enacted. and prevention remains the best cure of all. efforts to rein in tobacco use averted 22m deaths (many of them to cancer) between 2008 and 2014. yet only a tenth of the world’s population lives in countries where taxes make up at least three-quarters of the price of cigarettes, as recommended by the world health organization.


*assess:vt. 评定;估价;对…征税   

teaching assess:教学评估教学评价

同近义词:

*evaluate: vt. 评价;估价;求…的值 vi. 评价;估价  

effect evaluate:效果评估

*rate: n. 比率,率;速度;价格;等级 vt. 认为;估价;责骂 vi. 责骂;被评价

interest rate:存款利率


*incidence:n. 发生率;影响;[光] 入射;影响范围   

incidence density:发生率;发病率

*incident:n. 事件,事变;插曲 adj. [光] 入射的;附带的;易发生的,伴随而来的

 

*spotlight:n. 聚光灯;反光灯;公众注意的中心 vt. 聚光照明;使公众注意

 

*rein:n. 缰绳;驾驭;统治;支配 vt. 控制;驾驭;勒住 vi. 勒住马

 

*avert:vt. 避免,防止;转移

*avertable:adj.可避开的;可防止的

同近义词:

*escape:vt. 逃避,避免;被忽视 vi. 逃脱;避开;溜走;(气体,液体等)漏出;声音(不自觉地)由…发出 n. 逃跑;野生种;泄漏   

escape from:逃脱      fire escape:安全出口

*shun:vt. 避开,避免;回避

 

 

 

taxes and budgeting are a lot less exciting than tumour-zapping(消灭肿瘤的) proton beams(质子束) and antibodies(抗体) with superpowers. but the decisions of technocrats are as important as the work of technicians. cancer kills millions of people not simply for want of scientific advance, but also because of bad policy.

 

*zap:n. 活力;意志;杀死;震击 vt. 攻击;打败;快速推动 vi. 快速移动

 

*proton:n. [物] 质子

 

*beams:[建] 梁

 

technocrats:n. 技术专家(technocrat的复数);科技主义者


啊啊啊啊啊

今天的也做完啦 

各位好好背单词吧

不知道排版怎么调好看

有啥批评和意见

可以来告诉我呀

么么扎qwq